More than 20% of older adults in the United States will experience food insufficiency at some point in their 60s and 70s.

Researchers examined the probability that older adults will experience not having enough to eat at some point over a long time period—about 20 years.

Their findings showed the likelihood of food insufficiency over a longer period of time was about three times as high—22% compared to 8%—as any single point in time.

“The extent of food-related hardship among seniors in any given year is well documented. In 2019, 2.8% of Americans ages 60 and older reported experiencing food insufficiency. From some perspectives, this is a relatively small fraction,” says Helen Levy, a research professor in the Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan Institute for Social Research.

“But it still means more than 2 million seniors did not have enough food, and the prevalence of hardship over a longer time period will almost certainly be greater.”

To date, there is no research on how many older adults experience food insufficiency over a long period of time, says Levy, also a research professor at the Ford School of Public Policy and the School of Public Health.

For the study in the journal Applied Economic Perspective Policy, Levy examined a 20-year period in an older adult’s life, using data from the Health and Retirement Study, a longitudinal panel study of older Americans.

The Health and Retirement Study measures food insufficiency with a yes or no question. New respondents are asked, “In the last two years, have you always had enough money to buy the food you need?” Participants who have been previously included in a survey wave are asked the same question covering the period of time since the previous wave. For this study, Levy focused on individuals born between 1936 and 1953.

The rate of food insufficiency is particularly high for certain subgroups over the 20-year window of their 60s and 70s. Nearly 40% of those without a high school degree, 37.5% of non-Hispanic Black respondents, and nearly 44% of those in poor health at baseline will experience food insufficiency during that time period.

But even those who have low rates of food insufficiency at baseline—the year they first responded to the panel survey—can have higher rates of food insufficiency in the longer term, Levy says. The baseline rate of food insufficiency for college graduates is 3.9%, for example, but 13.2% of this group will experience insufficiency during the 20-year window. Just 3.9% of those in excellent health at baseline experience food insufficiency, but 17% will experience it in the longer term.

Read the full article about food insufficiency by Morgan Sherburne at Futurity.