Giving Compass' Take:

• Research by the AAUW reveals that the gender pay gap exists along gender, race, education, and sexual orientation lines. Education is not sufficient to reduce the gap. 

• How can organizations close their own gender pay gap? What cultural pressures keep the pay gap open? 

• Learn why men need to be involved in closing the gender pay gap. 

In 2015, women working full time in the United States typically were paid just 80 percent of what men were paid, a gap of 20 percent (Proctor et al., 2016). The gap has narrowed since 1960, due largely to women’s progress in education and workforce participation and to men’s wages rising at a slower rate. At the rate of change between 1960 and 2015, women are expected to reach pay equity with men in 2059. But even that slow progress has stalled in recent years. If change continues at the slower rate seen since 2001, women will not reach pay equity with men until 2152. The gender pay gap has lifelong financial effects. For one, it contributes directly to women’s poverty.

According to the Williams Institute, closing the gender pay gap would significantly mitigate the poverty rates of both same-sex and opposite-sex couples. Using 2012 ACS results, an institute study found that eliminating the gender pay gap would lower poverty rates for couples that include at least one woman.

The Williams Institute also conducted a meta-analysis of studies of the incomes of lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals, finding that gay and bisexual men are paid 10–32 percent less than similarly qualified heterosexual men. The same study found that lesbians may be paid more than heterosexual women but still are paid less than heterosexual or gay men (Williams Institute, 2007).

At every level of academic achievement, women’s median earnings are less than men’s median earnings. In some cases, the gender pay gap is larger at higher levels of education.

The gap of 20 cents on the dollar between men and women working full time, year-round is a statistical fact. The pay gap itself is more complicated than a single number, since it summarizes a huge diversity of women and life circumstances. The origins of the pay gap are also more complicated than a single cause. Women and men have always participated in the workforce in different ways—and have been treated differently by employers— and though those differences have shrunk over time, they still contribute to women being paid less than men.