Warm, moist rivers of air in Antarctica help create massive holes in sea ice in the Weddell Sea, research finds.

The rivers of air may influence ocean conditions around the vast continent as well as climate change, according to the study.

Scientists studied the role of long, intense plumes of warm, moist air—known as atmospheric rivers—in creating enormous openings in sea ice. They focused on the Weddell Sea region of the Southern Ocean near Antarctica, where these sea ice holes (called polynyas) infrequently develop during the winter.

Scientists first observed a large hole in this area in 1973 and a hole developed again in the late winter and early spring of 2017.

In Science Advances, scientists report that repeated strong atmospheric rivers during late August through mid-September 2017 played a crucial role in forming the sea ice hole. These rivers brought warm, moist air from the coast of South America to the polar environment, warming the sea ice surface and making it vulnerable to melting.

“Polynyas strongly influence the physical and ecological dynamics of the Southern Ocean,” says co-author Kyle Mattingly, a postdoctoral researcher at the Rutgers Institute of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences.

“They serve as giant ‘windows’ in the sea ice that allow large amounts of heat to move from the ocean to the atmosphere, modifying regional and global ocean circulation. They also affect the timing and magnitude of phytoplankton (algae) blooms, which are the base of the marine food web. Our study will pave the way for greater understanding of climate variability and climate change in these regions.”

Previous studies have found that atmospheric rivers influence melting of West Antarctic land ice and ice shelves, and the new study builds on those findings by showing their effects on Antarctic sea ice for the first time. The rivers are thousands of miles long and the sea ice holes cover thousands of square miles, usually at specific locations that are primed by local ocean circulation conditions.

Read the full article about holes in sea ice by Todd Bates at Futurity.