People who were more distressed—showing signs of anxiety or depression—during the COVID-19 pandemic were less likely to follow distancing guidelines, but more likely to get vaccinated, a new study shows.

Researchers refer to this as differential distress: when people act safely in one aspect while disregarding safety in another, both in response to the same psychological distress. This creates a conundrum for those trying to determine how best to communicate risks and best practices to the public.

The study of 810 people revealed that distress was less likely to affect older people either way, despite their higher risk for severe outcomes if infected with SARS-CoV-2. The findings, published in Frontiers in Psychology, suggest that fear messaging, which is intended to scare people and can increase their levels of distress, may not be the most effective way to encourage people to change behaviors.

“These findings do not point to a straightforward public health messaging campaign,” says Joel Myerson, research professor in psychological & brain sciences at Washington University in St. Louis.

“Instead, officials may have to consider more finely tailored messages for different populations in order to achieve best outcomes: more attention to CDC recommendations as well as more people getting vaccinated.”

This is the second study from Myerson and colleagues to analyze the ways people changed behaviors during the pandemic. The first study, published in November in the journal PLOS ONE, looked at social distancing and hygiene behaviors across a range of demographics.

The results suggested that distress was closely tied to the way people responded to recommendations about social distancing. People who were more distressed were less likely to observe social distancing recommendations, perhaps as a way to maintain social connections that can ease anxiety and depression.

Read the full article about COVID distress by Brandie Jefferson at Futurity.